Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

ADHD or Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as is it is known is a common disorder in human kind. Well, researchers have some news to share around the same now. As per the researchers, people with this condition are known to have impairments in brain. Further these impairments are unique in nature and hence it is very difficult to have a common explanation for the cause of this condition.

The findings are based on the research carried out over 117 adolescents having ADHD. They were assessed for impulsive behavior which is known to be one of the most typical behavior in the condition. The study revealed that the participants had shown three different types of characteristics thus leading to creation of three sub categories –
Group 1 – Showed impulsive motor responses during fast moving visual tasks
Group 2 – Showed immediate reward preference
Group 3 – Showed normal behavior for both the tasks compared to 134 non ADHD adolescents

Though the researchers also made it clear that only cognitive testing could help distinguish ADHD patients of different subgroups. They also used the functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) to find out the relation between the impulsive behavior based test profiles and brain dysfunction. But, the results were negative as in the FMRI was not able to record and abnormality other than the core ADHD profile of the brain dysfunction in any of the subgroups because every subgroup showed dysfunction in different regions of the brain depending upon their specific brain impairment.

The results point towards the fact that every brain has different neural systems to manage the executive functions as well as reward processing that are known to contribute individually to the growth of ADHD symptoms.

Well, the study is at a preliminary level and hence as per the researchers it would definitely require detailed study in order to prove that ADHD is a collection of different disorders but this initial study does pave a path to it. The study would also help with effective treatments of people with these conditions because some ADHD medications might not just work well with one subgroup while it might work well with another work group. Hence, targeted treatment would be the approach to be taken because these findings do highlight that more than one factor is definitely responsible for psychiatric disorders like ADHD.

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Brushing Teeth Habits in Children

Usually families follow the routine of putting the habit of brushing teeth in kids two times a day, in the morning and evening before going to bed. But, it seems that brushing just two times a day isn’t enough in little toddlers and kids. The reason is that toddlers or kids eat three to four times a day and hence bacteria keep building across the day as well. As per the National Association of the Education of Young Children or NAEYC, which is considered to be by far a gold standard when it comes to dental recommendations has the following criteria under its accreditation. The children who are older than a year and eat more than two or three meals a day have to be provided the facility of brushing teeth and cleaning their gums when at the play house day care or activity centre they are enrolled in. It also states that the practice of providing posters near the sink which demonstrate proper teeth cleaning or brushing procedures to kids need to be put up so that the kids can mimic these steps and brush their teeth properly.

Child Care Centres – The Scenario
Now, the criteria that requires children to brush their teeth at these centres does not fit in the routines of the centres at all. Primarily because there are two teachers in a class and around fifteen to twenty students. Brushing routines would definitely consume a lot of time considering the scenario. Additionally, brushing teeth is sort of messy activity for little toddlers who are still in the process of acquiring motor skills, adding to the work load and time consumption as well. Additionally, it would also add to the cost because it would required the centre to maintain a stock of brushes toothpastes and towels for each kid around while keep up with sanitary measures and hygiene.

Well, the implementation of this routine is definitely going to help kids with dental care but it does not replace the need for dental care at home. Though, it requires suggestions that would ease some load from the care centres. For example if students are asked to carry their own brushes and toothpastes, it could save the costs of the centres. So, if viable solutions are worked out then definitely it can be implemented in schools and will also help inculcate dental hygiene habits in children.

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Five Human Senses – Sight, Smell, Hearing, Taste, and Touch

We all are taught in early school days only about the five human senses. The brain is apparently the decision maker and these sensory organs only help send the information to the brain and help the brain. But, what some of us might not know is there are people with more than five senses in addition to the existing ones. Before we talk about them let us talk about the basic five.

Sight – View is not as simple as ti seems. It is a complex procedure involving the transparent outer layer or the eye called cornea, the pupil and the iris. When the light reflects from the object you view to the eye the cornea bend the light as it passes through the pupil hole. The iris is like the camera shutter for eyes which opens to let the light in or retracts to let it out.

Smell – As per researchers humans are able to smell over 1 trillion scents. The nerve endings in olfactory cleft are responsible for transmitting smell to the brain. The oltefactory is located beside the smelling part of the brain on the roof of the nasal cavity. While human are equipped with 400 different smelling recepters, if there are issues in recognizing smells then it could be result of a rare disorder of effect of aging.

Hearing – Hearing is also a complex sensory organ that uses a complex labyrinth called human ear through which it funnels the sound from its external part into the external auditory canal. The sound apparently travels through eardrum or tympanic membrane, a thin connective tissue sheet that vibrates when sound waves strike. It then reaches the auditory ossicles in the middle year. These three little bones are known as malleus (hammer), stapes (stirrup) and incus(anvil) vibrate. The vibrates are send to the corti by the stapes bone by pushing the oval window structure in and out.

Taste – Taste is further divided into three different perceptions called sweet salty bitter and sour. Though scientists and researchers believe that the fifth one is savory or umami, they also say that there are many more that are yet to be discovered. As per the National Library of Medicine, spicy cannot be considered a taste but it is apparently a sign of pain. As humans we have 2000 to 4000 taste buds on the tongue, throat back, nasal cavity, esophagus and epiglottis. But, again smell does help the brain perceive the taste and hence, people with stuffy nose have difficulty recognizing taste properly.

Touch – As per researchers touch is said to be the first sense that humans develop. Specialized neurons in the skin communicate the distinct sensation to the brain. A touch sense includes sensations like touch, vibration, temperature, pain, pressure and more. It is said to be very important to human beings wellness beyond its use for interaction and does influence decision making to a good extent as well.

Now, about the additional senses. We do have some more subtle one that we never perceive. These include neuron sensors that control head tilt and balance besides kinesthetic receptors that are responsible for muscle and tendons stretching detection. Our body also has receptors that detect particular arteries of the bloodstream as well.

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